One other group of low achievers some of whom enther the portal of colleges is the slow learning. Slow learners and under achievers have many common characteristics and in reality many a wider achiever is categorised as slow learning. However the major difference is in the that an under achievers potential capacity is high but he she is not achieving that level and a slow learning is slow in specific areas in addition to having in all probability a low IQ 80-90.TQ between the mentalallt who can larener well by rote but haver low reason in power could enter thebtertiary level classes and continue.

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Similar to mastery learning is Keller plan which has been developed mainly from skinnerrian principles of operant conditioning this approach has been adopted widely. Keller plan combines mastery learning approach with the programmed instruction concepts of learner control self. Pacing and contingency contracting at the beginning of a course students haver a contract agreement with the teacher regarding what work will be done and then they proceed at their own pace and initiation the teacher is available for tutorial assistance or small group discussions thus giving general feedback and guidance. Since this approach depends on the learners to manage their own learning the students should be mature and have self discipline to manage their own learning.

Peer relationships among learners are largely determinant of the outcomes of schools. Methods including cooperative group work and diverse group interactions. Teacher Relationship.       The relationships teachers have with students also affect         school Management.      Teaching for social justice in this sense parent teacher relationships are central as are access to information and resources for all students understanding the role of youth adult partnerships in the classroom and teachers actually learning about students. It is also important for students to understand equity issues in their classrooms.                            Classrooms.                 The number of specific classroom issues that affect teaching for social justice are almost countless. Understanding the affects of teachers on student learning is vital and a teacher cannot teach under the assumption that equal means the same students come from numerous cultures languages lifestyles and values and a monocultural framework will not suit all student needs. Additionally teachers need to be cilritically conscious and offer students well planned units and lessons that develop know ledge of a wide range of groups.

Teaching for social Justice is an educational philosophy that proponents argue provides justice and equity for all learners in all educational setting the practice extends across all grade levels and academic settings often challenging educators themselves as well as students. Herbert kohl argues that teachers may often teach against their conscience do a sloppy job of teaching limit their methodolgy and focus too much on being a good teacher either being a good citizen. Overcoming these prospects is the crux of what he andany other educators prospects is the crux of what he and many other educators call teaching for social justice other popular educators who have explored the practice of teaching for social justice include john Dewey who may have been. The first advocate for teaching for social justice .

Schools Management has two dimensions ( i ) efforts made by headmasters of the schools and by other administrative authorities and ( ii ) the support received by the School from the community the support from PTAa is rather limited except in Malappuram. The VEC focus more on issues related to primary education and therefore VEC have not yet become effective mechanisms of community support at the upper primary level of education. The headmasters do not have much control in the selection of teachers. The is true in schools under any management teacher selection is goverment schools is a responsibility of the public service commissions it is the responsibility of the school management in aided and unaided primary schools this showed that headmaster in upper primary schools can only re organise the human resources already provided to them a considerable amount of time of the head master is spent on non teaching activities similarly.

Girls who come to upper primary level of education belong to the age group of 11 and above. Therefore separate toilets for them may become a necessity. However lack of the rural areas households are not used to such facilities and hence they do not expect such facilities to be provided. In schools too.  Student transitions in upper primary schools upper primary schools operate under different managements in India a pattern that can be generalised in case of enrolment is that the share of enrolment in ailded School is consistently higher than their share in the total number of schools this is not true in schools under other types of management especially so in case of un sided schools. Many parents feel that teaching learning process is better in aided private schools than in goverment managed schools. Aided private school do not charge high fees as in un sided school and hence aided schools are affordable from the financing point of view more importantly many parents consider that English as a subject is taught better in aided school this is more so in aurangabad andalappiram. For these reasons parents prefer to send their children to aided private school wherever they are available .

The stage transition ratios from primary to upper primary level of education indicate that they are very high in most of the states. Further expansion of primary eduction will have a demand for expansion of upper primary education ever when transition ratios remain the same in certain cases expansion of primary education mat be accompanied by an increase in the inter stage transition ratios. Under such circumstances. The demand for expansion of upper primary education system may be rather high. In states which are educationally more advanced the primary stage completion rates and inter stage transition .

Many primary schoos in India are not well equipped which formed the premise for introduction of operated Blackboard scheme. The upper primary schoos are better placed in terms of provision of facilities. Most of the upper primary schools are not operating under deplorable conditions as in case of primary school. However the condition of upper primary school buildings is far from satisfactory. Investment requirements of providing upper primary education is more in terms of making additional provisions in the existing schools than in terms of opening ofbnew upper primary schools in new locations. Multigrafs teaching isbalmost absent in most of upper primary schools most of the schools have atleast three rooms and three teachers ever when teacher pupil ratios may not warrant it this is a situation most common in educationally backward districts. For example a number of schools in bilaspur and muradabad have enrolment levels less than 100 or 150 at times less than 50 students in a school. However classrooms in school located in developed localities are over crowded in districts like Malappuram these school may require additions space and other related facilities Enrolment in some of the schools are rather low. Most of the school are provided with well qualified teachers in fact the share of University level educated teachers are quite substantial in all the districts although the educational qualification requirement for recruitment of teachers to upper primary school is higher secondary level of education interestingly larger shars of University graduate and post graduate teachers are found in educationally backward districts like Bilaspur and  muradabad. This is partly due to the that many of the teachers in these districts are not regular .

Schools are organised spaces spaces purposes for teaching and learning. The classrooms where teachers teach and students learn are of central importance but typical schools have many other areas which may include.                       . Cafeteria ( commons ) dining hall or canteen where students eat lunch.                                   . Athletic field playground gym and or track place where students participating in sports or physical education practice.             . Auditorium or hall where student theatrical or musical productions can be staged and where all school events such as assemblies are held.         . Office where the administrative work of the school is done.            . Library where students consult and check out books.                                  . Specialised classrooms including laboratories for science education.             . A computer lab where computer based work is done.                                    { History and Development of schools  }                                           The concept of grouping students together in a centralised location for learning has existed since classical antiquity. Formal schools have existed at least since ancient Greece. The Byxantine Empire has and established schooling system beginning at the primary level. According to Traditions and Encounters the founding of the primary education system began in 425 AD and military personnel usually had at least a primary education the Byxantine eduction system continued until the empirs collapse in 1453 AD.  

A school (From Greek scholeion is an institution designed to allow and encourage students (or pupils ) to learn under the supervision of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education which is commonly compulsory. In these systems students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country but generally include primary school for young children and secondary school for teenagers who have completed primary education. In addition to these core schools students in a given country may also have access to and attend school both before and after primary and secondary education.kindergarten or pre  school provide some schooling to very young children typically ages 3-5. University vocational school college or seminary may be available after .